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Conceptual robot arm lowering a small cylinder toward a tray, with a cube and ball nearby.

How can we tell whether a robot has learned a skill?

A practical framework for assessing robot skill claims through defined success, held-out tasks, varied conditions, physical tests and recovery.

Conceptual robot arm above two different test objects on separate work areas.

Why is one robot benchmark score not enough?

Why robot benchmark results need task, metric and hardware context, with examples from physical pairwise comparisons and object-shape stress tests.

Conceptual robot arm placing a wooden block on a stack; a faint path suggests adjustment between attempts.

How does reinforcement learning teach a robot through trial and feedback?

How task-specific rewards guide robot learning, illustrated by bounded physical walking and grasping studies.

Conceptual split view of a robot arm aligning a cylinder over a socket in simulation and on physical hardware.

Why can a robot trained in simulation fail in the real world?

Why simulator observations and physics can differ from hardware, with varied simulation, human correction and physical learning as research approaches.

Conceptual illustration of a robot arm, a displaced cube and suggested paths toward a target.

How do we test whether a robot can recover after an error?

How RoboRecover reconstructs simulated recovery points, compares clean-start and recovery results on LIBERO, and limits what the rates can show.